| Abstract: |
| Larvicides are pesticides that target immature stages of pests by disrupting their development, thereby reducing survival, causing mortality, and potentially leading to population suppression or extinction. This study constructs a nonlocal periodic delayed reaction-diffusion model to describe the effects of impulsive larvicide applications on pest populations in a spatially and temporally heterogeneous environment. Furthermore, the threshold dynamics of the model are established through dynamical systems analysis. The numerical results indicate that larvicides can play a significant role in pest management; however, their application strategies need to be carefully designed. In addition, ignoring spatial heterogeneity in model formulation may lead to a misestimation of the risk of pest outbreaks. |
|